Planning, Design Development
Specifically developing a schedule and workflow of trades
Objective(s):
[_] Communicate phased occupancy requirements to the owner and tenants in case of renovations, retrofits or additions to the existing buildings
[_] Develop initial schedule and workflow of trades and communicate it to the project team
[_] Identify and resolve phased occupancy and workspace conflicts that can cause construction and productivity inefficiencies
[_] Develop and visualize tenant fit-out phasing plans
[_] Interpret and visualize the project schedule and sequence of work
[_] Explore the impact of design and construction alternatives on a project
[_] Help involve more stakeholders early in the project to give their input into the design and construction of the facility
[_] Use 4D visualization to communicate the project plans
[_] Show the Critical Path Method (CPM) schedule for the project
[_] Compare construction alternatives simulating options with multiple 4D models and detect constructability issues (time – space conflicts) (Kang et al., 2007)
[_] Promote early communication among owners and end users and capture valuable inputs from the clients and inject them into the design (Fisher and Kam, 2002)
[_] Collaboration tool between designers and contractors
[_] 4D model used as a basis for analyzing time - space conflicts, safety issues and site workspace management (Koo and Fischer, 2000)
Description:
A process in which a 4D model (3D models with the added dimension of time) is utilized to effectively plan the phased occupancy in a renovation, retrofit or addition, or to show the construction sequence and space requirements on a building site. 4D modeling is a powerful visualization and communication tool that can give a project team much better understanding of project milestones and construction plans. This concept can impact Site Utilization (storage, lay down, parking, etc), how temporary structures (shoring, scaffolding, swing space) are used, and crane movement to name a few.
Potential Benefits:
[_] Better understanding of the phasing schedule by the owner and project participants and showing the critical path of the project
[_] Dynamic phasing plans of occupancy offering multiple options and solutions to space conflicts
[_] Integrate planning of human, equipment and material resources with the BIM model to better schedule and cost estimate the project
[_] Space and workspace conflicts identified and resolved ahead of the construction process
[_] 4D model can be used for marketing purposes and publicity
[_] Identification of schedule, sequencing or phasing issues
[_] More readily constructable, operable and maintainable project (Kang et al., 2007)
[_] Monitor procurement status of project materials (Kang et al., 2007)
[_] Increased productivity and decreased waste on job sites (Sheppard, 2004)
[_] Conveying the spatial complexities of the project, planning information, and support conducting additional analyses (Koo and Fischer, 2000)
Levels of Detail Considerations:
Depending on the complexity of the project and the length of the schedule. Level of detail depends on the use of a 4D model, since geometry is more important in this case then intelligence that comes with objects, building elements need to be modeled to successfully visually represent the simulation of the schedule or phasing plan. Usually just exterior walls and structure are enough to communicate overall project phasing.
Level of detail in the model can vary by its intended application:
Showing only exterior site plan phasing: exterior walls, foundations and topography are critical. Interior partitions and MEP modeling is not as necessary.
Showing interior phasing: level of detail may vary. Interior walls are needed for interior phasing models. MEP information is not critical for the model, but an understanding of the systems would be needed to attribute correct durations to the schedule and the 4D model.
Team Competencies Required:
Construction scheduling and general construction process knowledge.
A 4D model is connected to a schedule, and is therefore only as good as the schedule to which its linked.
3D model manipulation and knowledge of a 4D software.
Import geometry, manage links to schedules, produce and control animations, etc.
Characteristics in order to substantiate BIM use:
Project - Should not be sole BIM use on project (not "low hanging fruit"). Project should already be taking advantage of other BIM uses.
Complex schedule, high cost, large project, very complicated design, complicated phasing, etc.
Organization -
Environment -
Contract -
Process -
Potential Modeling Methods:
Linking a construction schedule to a 3D BIM model and establish connection between activities and building elements. 3D model is built by the design team, or contractor/construction manager in collaboration with subcontractors or a 3rd party. In case it is used in planning and design phases, 4D model is created by the lead designer and feedback is gathered from the owner primarily and then all the project participants depending on the project delivery method. 4D model is usually created and controlled by main contractor, GC or CM on the project, if one is not created during the previous design phase.
Develop early, preferably by utilizing the A/E's model and attaching a schedule developed by the CM/GC
4D model done only for certain repetitive areas (i.e. a specific type of room)
Potential Outputs:
Main output: 4D model (3D model linked to a schedule that animates and illustrates the proposed construction sequence)
Possible output: nD Model (4D model that begins to add other attributes like cost, resources, manpower, etc)
Legal / Commitment Considerations:
4D model accuracy concerns, and also detailed schedule information contractor might not want to share with the owner and A/E.
Project team reviews the 4D model for completeness and accuracy.
Additional Resources:
General Description: N/A
Quantitative Studies: N/A
Case Study Examples: N/A
Software Applications:
Applications for scheduling, 3D modeling, 4D simulation and navigation purposes:
Scheduling Applications: Primavera, Microsoft Project
4D Modeling: NavisWorks, Bentley Navigator, Bentley Scheduler Simulator, Common Point 4D, fourDscape, Project Navigator, Four Dviz, Visual Project Scheduler, Bentley Commonpoint Constructor, Vico Constructor, Integraph Smartplan Review
References:
1. Dawood, N., and Mallasi, Z. (2006). Construction Workplace Planning: Assignment and Analysis Utilizing 4D Visualization Technologies. Computer-aided Civil and Infrastructure Engineering, Pgs. 498-513.
2. Jongeling, R., Kim, J., Fischer, M., Morgeous, C., and Olofsson, T. (2008). Quantitative analysis of workflow, temporary structure usage, and productivity using 4D models. Automation in Construction, Pgs. 780-791.
3. Kang, J. H., Anderson, S. D., and Clayton, M. J. (2007). Empirical Study on the Merit of Web-based 4D Visualization in Collaborative Construction Planning and Scheduling. Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, Pgs. 447-461.
Goal:
Status of Use Document: DraftPhase(s):
Planning, Design DevelopmentSpecifically developing a schedule and workflow of trades
Objective(s):
[_] Communicate phased occupancy requirements to the owner and tenants in case of renovations, retrofits or additions to the existing buildings[_] Develop initial schedule and workflow of trades and communicate it to the project team
[_] Identify and resolve phased occupancy and workspace conflicts that can cause construction and productivity inefficiencies
[_] Develop and visualize tenant fit-out phasing plans
[_] Interpret and visualize the project schedule and sequence of work
[_] Explore the impact of design and construction alternatives on a project
[_] Help involve more stakeholders early in the project to give their input into the design and construction of the facility
[_] Use 4D visualization to communicate the project plans
[_] Show the Critical Path Method (CPM) schedule for the project
[_] Compare construction alternatives simulating options with multiple 4D models and detect constructability issues (time – space conflicts) (Kang et al., 2007)
[_] Promote early communication among owners and end users and capture valuable inputs from the clients and inject them into the design (Fisher and Kam, 2002)
[_] Collaboration tool between designers and contractors
[_] 4D model used as a basis for analyzing time - space conflicts, safety issues and site workspace management (Koo and Fischer, 2000)
Description:
A process in which a 4D model (3D models with the added dimension of time) is utilized to effectively plan the phased occupancy in a renovation, retrofit or addition, or to show the construction sequence and space requirements on a building site. 4D modeling is a powerful visualization and communication tool that can give a project team much better understanding of project milestones and construction plans. This concept can impact Site Utilization (storage, lay down, parking, etc), how temporary structures (shoring, scaffolding, swing space) are used, and crane movement to name a few.Potential Benefits:
[_] Better understanding of the phasing schedule by the owner and project participants and showing the critical path of the project[_] Dynamic phasing plans of occupancy offering multiple options and solutions to space conflicts
[_] Integrate planning of human, equipment and material resources with the BIM model to better schedule and cost estimate the project
[_] Space and workspace conflicts identified and resolved ahead of the construction process
[_] 4D model can be used for marketing purposes and publicity
[_] Identification of schedule, sequencing or phasing issues
[_] More readily constructable, operable and maintainable project (Kang et al., 2007)
[_] Monitor procurement status of project materials (Kang et al., 2007)
[_] Increased productivity and decreased waste on job sites (Sheppard, 2004)
[_] Conveying the spatial complexities of the project, planning information, and support conducting additional analyses (Koo and Fischer, 2000)
Levels of Detail Considerations:
Team Competencies Required:
Characteristics in order to substantiate BIM use:
Project - Should not be sole BIM use on project (not "low hanging fruit"). Project should already be taking advantage of other BIM uses.Complex schedule, high cost, large project, very complicated design, complicated phasing, etc.
Organization -
Environment -
Contract -
Process -
Potential Modeling Methods:
Potential Outputs:
Legal / Commitment Considerations:
Additional Resources:
General Description: N/A
Quantitative Studies: N/A
Case Study Examples: N/A
Software Applications:
Applications for scheduling, 3D modeling, 4D simulation and navigation purposes:References:
1. Dawood, N., and Mallasi, Z. (2006). Construction Workplace Planning: Assignment and Analysis Utilizing 4D Visualization Technologies. Computer-aided Civil and Infrastructure Engineering, Pgs. 498-513.
2. Jongeling, R., Kim, J., Fischer, M., Morgeous, C., and Olofsson, T. (2008). Quantitative analysis of workflow, temporary structure usage, and productivity using 4D models. Automation in Construction, Pgs. 780-791.
3. Kang, J. H., Anderson, S. D., and Clayton, M. J. (2007). Empirical Study on the Merit of Web-based 4D Visualization in Collaborative Construction Planning and Scheduling. Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, Pgs. 447-461.